Gender Disparity and the ways in which it underpins major social and economic inequalities in South Asia

The aim of this paper is to show the linkage between gender disparity and social and economic inequalities that result because of gender disparity in the South Asian context. This is an important area of study because gender disparity is closely interlinked with and supports explanations of social and economic inequality. This is also of particular interest in the South Asian context because compared to the rest of the world South Asia has one of the greatest degrees of gender disparity in the world. Furthermore gender equality can be used to measure the progressiveness and development of a given society as a whole by acting as an indicator to social equality. In other words the smaller the gap in gender disparity, the more developed and progressive a given country or society can be regarded. This paper will deal with the common perception of women in the South Asian context, social exclusion and the limited legal rights of women, Their rights to land and property, access to education and healthcare, female foeticide and infanticide, the political and economic exclusion of women and the downward spiraling effect that the above factors will have particularly on the economy and South Asian society as a whole. The paper will draw from various parts of South Asia to illustrate vividly examples of gender disparity at work. In order to really understand the existence of Gender disparity in South Asia one must look at the fiercely patriarchal nature of South Asian society. Throughout most of South Asia, men have been given the role of decision makers and heads of family because of cultural, social and religious backing that has gone on for thousands of years and thus gender bias is not just believed in by men but women also. â€Å"This has arguably resulted in female submission to male domination and the constraint of women's choices to come to be regarded as the social norm. † The first significant way that gender disparity supports economic inequality is in what can be regarded as the â€Å"unseen economy†. Many South Asian women are employed in the informal sector and thus their contribution to the national economy is not recognized and accounted for in a respective country's Gross Domestic Product or GDP. â€Å"Because their labour – in such activities as family care, household maintenance is excluded from systems of national accounts the work they do remains unappreciated and inadequately compensated. In Bangladesh, some studies estimate that women spend between 70 and 88 percent of their time in non-market work. The vast majority of South Asian women work in the informal-sector or in unpaid family assistance, with the informal sector accounting for the employment of 96 percent of economically-active women in India, 75 percent in Nepal and Bangladesh and nearly 65 percent in Pakistan. â€Å"2 Methods to incorporate the contribution of the women to the economy should be implemented. This would be the only possible way of assessing their productivity accurately. One theoretical method is to make use of the economic concept of â€Å"opportunity cost†. For example the productivity of a housewife can be taken into account by the cost of hiring domestic help to manage the household assuming she went out to work. Simply put, if she did not do the work at home, someone else has to be paid to do it. Such methods may be the only way to give women their due credit in recognition of their contribution to the economy. The next substantial way in which gender disparity supports a major economic inequality in South Asia is in the area of land rights for women. A very phallic male-centred approach to the division of property and very often occurs in South Asia. A significant proportion of women do not receive their due share of inheritance. â€Å"3 In order to really understand the economic and social implications that this brings about one must see â€Å"the links between gender subordination and property and the need to be sought in not only the distribution of property between households but also in its distribution between men and women, in not only who owns the property but also who controls it, and in relation not only to private property but to communal property. † 4 Actual ownership of a property does not always mean effective assertion of control over that property. In some cases women's names are not put on the revenue records after they inherit, in others they are persuaded to sign relinquishment in favour of male family members. â€Å"5 This is because in many parts of South Asia it is customary for sons to inherit all the land and property without any shares going to the daughters of the family. The lack of property and capital makes women economically subjugate to men because of economic dependency. They are unable to make economic decisions for themselves. When women's access to property and wealth is denied this makes â€Å"(a) A woman's class position defined through that of a man- father, husband etc. it is more open to change than that of a man: a well-placed marriage can raise it, divorce or widowhood can lower it. (b) This can occur to the extent that even women of propertied households, do not own property themselves and makes it difficult to characterize their class position. Indeed some have even argued that women constitute a class in themselves. â€Å"6 One must bear in mind that this not only gives rise to major economic inequality but also social inequality. The rise of capitalism has made economics in integral part of determining social class. Gone are the days when social class was not dependent on wealth and property. Thus in this respect women are socially compromised as well economically. Another way in which gender disparity closely supports both economic and social inequality is with regards to the Law of a state. The Law can be used as a very good indicator of gender disparity and thus social and economic inequality. Simply put the Law has to protect both men and women. Men and women should have equality before the law. The Apostle Paul said, â€Å"The law is lawful so long as one uses it lawfully†. Indeed there should not only be equality before the Law in areas of gender, but race and class as well. The legal terrain of South Asia is determined by the religious and cultural practices of several communities, and overlain by traditions of European jurisprudence and is particularly treacherous for women. Throughout the region different religious and cultural communities are governed by separate personal laws- those civil laws which deal with marriage, dowry and divorce; custody, guardianship and adoption of children and inheritance†. 7 The lack of a uniform civil code in South Asian states to protect the rights of women has sadly allowed loopholes in the law to be exploited which aids in the economic and social oppression of women. It is a sad truth that in many parts of South Asia there is still a strong degree of gender-bias in the law of the state, which puts women at an unfair disadvantage as compared to men. â€Å"The lack of a uniform civil code in which fundamental human rights take precedence over gender discriminatory religious customs remains a main obstacle to the achievements of women's equal rights. â€Å"8 In order to illustrate the significant impact the law can have on promoting inequality the laws pertaining to women's rights in South Asia will be looked at. Property and inheritance laws are in themselves highly gender discriminatory across South Asia. This will be tied in with the earlier example of land rights for women and the role of the law as a mediating device. Take for example the case of the â€Å"Jaffna Tamils in Sri Lanka, a married woman needs her husband's consent to alienate land which she legally owns. â€Å"9 Legal ownership does not always carry with it the right of control in all senses. Legal ownership might still be challenged by prevailing social constraints as well. Thus there has to be not only implementation of legal rights but enforcement as well in order to safeguard the rights of women. Strong degree of gender disparity can be seen from inheritance laws in Nepal. â€Å"One of the laws states that a daughter can only inherit paternal property if she is unmarried and over 35 years of age, and she cannot inherit tenancy rights. â€Å"10 Needless to say the very legal system, which should serve the function of protection, seems to undermine women and compromise their representation. A very serious aspect that needs to be looked at is the implication of some of the bias inheritance laws, which contribute to a downward spiral effect. These bias inheritance laws not only economically and socially impair women but in many cases their offspring bear the brunt of the hardship as well. Firstly, these â€Å"discriminatory property laws limit women's capacity to obtain credit and benefit from new opportunities for economic advancement by engaging in self employment. This also has further serious implications as in the case of the â€Å"cancellation of the provision of inheritance for orphan grandchildren by a Federal Shariat Court in Pakistan. This has a multiplier effect on economic and social inequality because of the overwhelming burden placed on widowed mothers. They lose their only means of financial support with the death of their husbands and this also means that the children would not be able to inherit the property of their father which will also increase the financial burden of the women. 11 Also, the law not only fails to protect women in terms of property and inheritance rights but in many other areas as well. Women who are the victims of domestic violence and sexual abuse in South Asia have a much harder time seeking justice than their counterparts around the world. Often in South Asia, women who are the victims of sexual assault and battery are blamed for the crime rather than the perpetrators and abusers themselves. Gender disparity really underpins the social inequality in Bangladesh. â€Å"Even today, for the majority of women in Bangladesh, the world consists of their immediate family, and the new households of near relatives and neighbours. Very few are involved in any social institution apart from the family, and this even often applies to middle-class women in urban areas. The cultural institution of parda requires the isolation of all women besides minors from men outside the family and close relative circle. Movements outside the home are to be carried out only for prescribed reasons and at prescribed times of the day. † 12 Because of this cultural institution many Bangladeshi women literally become â€Å"birds in a cage†. This not only compromises women socially but economically and politically as well. This restricts their occupational chances and mobility. Furthermore parda leaves virtually no room in a woman's life for public interaction. Women are thus excluded from elections, conferences and decision-making bodies. Because of the strong nature of patriarchy is South Asian society and the Dowry system in marriages, women are considered a liability even before they are born. In the next few paragraphs the paper will look at women's access to healthcare and education and female foeticide and infanticide. This indeed causes an exacerbation of social and economic inequality. In order for a country or state to bloom as a society the rights and interests of both sexes have to be catered for. If women are given equal educational opportunities and access to healthcare, the standard of living and quality of life as a whole will improve. Educational quotient and life expectancy will rise. Women will also be able to take on more jobs and increasingly knowledge based ones and thus contribute more substantially to the economy as well. If women are given an equal chance as men economically and socially in South Asia, it might gradually eradicate the mentality that daughters are a liability and thus slow down and eventually stop the vicious cycle. The need for dowries may disappear if this were the case. Female foeticide and infanticide will cease to be such an impending issue and South Asian society will be more progressive as a whole. Prenatal sex determination techniques such as â€Å"amniocentesis techniques for developing foetal abnormalities were developed in India, at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. It was soon discovered that these tests could also accurately determine the sex of the child. A statistic purporting to come from the Registrar General of India, based on hospital records alone showed that 3. lakh female foetuses were aborted in India between 1993 and 1994†. Needless to say the sex ratios in South Asia are one of the most unbalanced in the world because of the substantially higher ratio of men to women. This is gender disparity in action in its worst social implication. Very simply, a price is put on the lives unborn female children. They are being killed in the hundreds of thousands to such a degree that some people have aptly come up with the term, â€Å"femicide† to describe the literal culling of the female sex. What is far more worrying though is the practice of infanticide where many female children are killed after birth. This is tantamount to murder but goes unchecked in many parts of South Asia. Sometimes however, one wonders whether it is crueler to commit female infanticide rather than subject the female child to a life of hardship, misery and oppression. Girls are treated differently from boys since birth. They are not given enough food compared to boys and they suffer from nutritional deficits. Girls are far more prone to malnutrition in South Asia than boys are. They also tend to suffer from a host of other ailments and still preferential medical treatment is given to boys. â€Å"Educational indicators of South Asian women although recording improvement in recent years, are some of the worst in the world, especially at technical and higher levels. Women constitute only 17 percent of technical students, and South Asian governments spend approximately 4. 4 percent of their educational budgets on technical and scientific education†14 It is of little wonder that women are subject to economic inequality judging from the statistics above. In conclusion in can be said that gender disparity greatly underpins major social and economic inequalities in South Asia. This is evident in the Legal systems, educational systems and medical systems and social systems of South Asia. It can be seen that the root of a lot of economic and social evils in South Asia are due to gender disparity between men and women. If South Asia is to progress as a society as a whole, gender disparity must be eradicated or if not, at least curbed.

Reflective Evaluation †PTTLS Module Essay

After looking at my micro teach on reflection there are a few things I could improve on. The first being my planning beforehand. To plan a lesson with more care and time gives you more opportunities for inclusive learning. Planning accordingly also gives you more freedom in your session as you always have a backup in case anything goes wrong, one can always look back at the lesson plan. Although I did plan and I had a well thought out lesson plan I just felt like more detail could have gone into my lesson plan. Teaching a group of non-dancers with a variety of ages and a variety of health issues should have made me realise some of the issues that may come with this type of lesson. I feel I should have taken more of this into consideration. Maybe not all of the students felt at ease doing the style of dancing that I chose. Maybe some of the students were not actually fit enough to take part. I did not ask if there were any health issues before the session started. If I would of and somebody would have spoken about their health issue then I would have given them the same steps as everybody else but I would of quietly had a word with them and ask them not to do it as strenuous as the others and to take it at their own pace. The majority of the students had a fun and enjoyable lesson which was one of the objectives of the class. The other objective was to know what a ‘dynamic’ is in dance. I feel all students had a clear understanding of this by the end of the session and demonstrated different dynamics in dance and could also talk about this at the end of the session. My approach to inclusion was to set the dance steps very basic so that everybody could take part. I also had a lot of praise for everybody and this I felt made everybody feel at ease as for some people this was an alien environment for them to be in, as some have never been in a dance class before. I feel I could develop this session further by having more peer assessment by braking the class down into small groups I feel this would benefit the class greatly. This would allow students to talk to each other and talk about any areas that they may be struggling with. This I feel would be better than speaking in front of the whole group about any issues you have. To assess this session I would take note of who works best together and take note of how many students struggle with the steps and possibly adapt the steps to suite the level the  non-dancers are at with regards to dance technique. Overall I feel my micro teach was a success the general feedback I got was positive and spurred me on to further my knowledge as a teacher and gain more experience as a teacher. I enjoyed my mic ro teach thoroughly.

Reflection essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Reflection - Essay Example However, technological advancements would have some drawbacks. There will be no privacy in travelling since there will be audits of every route and journey. Secondly, internet connection will not be perfect in ‘moving offices’. Furthermore, ensuring the security of car office can be a challenge as the office is susceptible to criminal activities. Amazon Prime Air is an amazing technology. Jeff Bezo’s discovery is applicable in transporting packages from one point to another through autonomous drones (Stern 1). The technology will create the convenience of handling small-sized items as one can deliver a package from the comfort of the house. It would enable performance of tasks at a fast rate. The technology will also save on cost of operation. Instead of spending money to deliver a particular package, an individual can comfortably send it. However, the technology comes along with several challenges. Packages delivery at the doorstep of the receiving address may be challenging if the system does not identify the specific recipient. Unintended recipient at the receiving address can receive the package. Godsmark, Paul. Don’t laugh; the new Google prototype car has implications for your business. May 28, 2014. Web. June 4, 2014. Viewed: https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140528072025-142059068-don-t-laugh-the-new-google-prototype-car-has-implications-for-your-business?trk=mp-reader-card Stern, Joanna. Amazon Prime Air: Delivery by Drones Could Arrive As Early as 2015. abc NEWS. December 1, 2013. Web. June 4, 2014. Viewed:

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The development of language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The development of language - Essay Example Today, millions of people speak one of the twenty-eight Mayan languages as their primary language. Apart from for the Waxtek speakers of Veracruz, Mayan languages occupy a large geographical zone in eastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, western Honduras, and western El Salvador (Sharer & Traxler 23). Mayan language family includes 31 languages spoken in Guatemala, Belize and southern Mexico. According to general classification, it has five major branches. It is frequently believed that Huastecan split off in the very beginning, followed by Yucatecan and then all other groups branched out (Campbell 71-72).Most of the Mayan speakers are partially bilingual and their second language is Spanish or English in case of Belize(Sharer & Traxler, 23). Other languages have great influence on all Mayan languages. For instance, there is grammatical evidence for prehistoric connections between the Mayan and the adjoining language family, MixeZoquean. Borrowing words started between these groups in the Pre-classic age and was generally from Mixe-Zoquea to Mayan. For instance, in addition to ajaw (lord) and kakaw (cocoa or chocolate), quite a few basic Mayan kinship and body-part terms came from Mixe-Zoquean. Most of the Mayan languages have few numbers of loanwords from Nahuatal. Nahuatal is the language of native peoples from Central Mexico, particularly post-classic Mexica, or Aztecs. Most probably these loanwords refer to the rising importance of the Central Mexican states in the Post-classic era. The Maya not only borrowed but also influenced other languages. For instance, more or less extinct language of southeastern Guatemala, Xinca does not belong to Mayan language family but it has a large number of loanwords from Mayan. Since European contact, the process of this exchange continued with Spanish and English. A very good example is the word kakaw that has entered English as cocoa just like Mayan word xook as the

Leading Group Challenges Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leading Group Challenges - Term Paper Example The first such change is the development of new coalitions between public and private organizations. In addition, these organizations gained more important role in homeland security, and hence, got consolidated into the Department of Homeland Security. In addition, there arose a need for all these organizations to implement new strategies to deal with newer versions of crimes. As a result, the leadership of criminal justice organizations is a job that requires a lot of effort because of the large number of challenges faced by the profession today. Responsibilities of a Criminal Justice Organization Leader The first and foremost responsibility of criminal justice organization leaders is to effectively prevent crime. In the effort to perform this basic duty, the leaders will have to manage staff, oversee administration, and promote community relationships. A criminal justice organization leader has the responsibility to manage staff under him. As a part of this, the leader will devise ways to improve the morale of the staff. In addition, it is for the leader to ensure proper and timely training and professional development to his staff. Also, keeping up ethics throughout the operations of the team is the duty of the leader. So, the leader should be a good role model, leading the team showing examples. In addition, the position of leader always requires smooth relation with community and media. When there is a high profile case or a legal jargon, the media often turns to the leader for explanations. So, it is for the leader to be an effective communicator. As a part of the profession, the leader will have to interact with law enforcement officials, counselors, teachers, social workers, lawyers, judges, and federal officers. Present day challenges for leaders in Criminal Justice Organizations According to social disorganization theory, community distress leads to social disorganization through the weakening of basic relationships and erosion of shared cultures. In other words, as Thabit points out, the loss of urban social structure has led to a decline in social control, thus leading to an increase in crime rates; thus, the challenges faced by leaders in Criminal Justice Organizations too are a result of the weakening or absence of social norms. Legal and political challenges. It is for the criminal justice agencies to deal with legal and political pressures, both within and outside the system. For example, criminal justice is not a task that is performed by a single agency. In fact, it requires the cooperation of various agencies ranging from police, courts, prisons, and at times, private agencies. As a result, sometimes, there arises confusion when there is a change in law or in the attitude of any organization. For example, as Gallagher and Holmes (2008) point out, different political parties might have different outlook regarding various criminal and social issues. In addition, different judges and prosecutors who come time to time may p ossess considerably different outlooks. So, if the leaders of various organizations are not kept informed about the changes in laws, attitudes, alliances, and modalities of approach, it becomes a matter of improper functioning. So, in total, it is for the leaders of criminal justice organizations to stay informed about the policy changes and basic policy differences. In addition, it becomes a challenge to keep the staff tuned to the changes that take place every now and then, including laws and

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Program Proposal - Essay Example hes to Syndrome X factors ,as were available on standalone basis, some 15 years back; Record the present evolution of the holistic approach; List out nutraceuticals that have been accepted.; Trace developments in other nutraceuticals.;Correlate syndrome X states with nutraceutical remedies both as leading medicine as well as support medication within the holistic approach; Have a clear view on advantages of various approaches-say allopathy;Similarly have a clear view of disadvantages of various approaches; Map out management strategies with predefined degrees of severity; Train the participants in the art of modulating and fine tuning such strategies depending upon the case at hand; Review clinical stages of obtaining therapeutically approval for nutraceuticals,and study evolution of law in therapeutic approval. Syndrome X is a disease state which has been identified, not very long ago, along with the constellation of diseases it encompasses. The concept is an evolving one and is an all important concept. Its importance is enhanced by the fact that a large population suffers from Syndrome X symptoms and has the fear of escalating into more disease state if one particular disease state is ignored or not adequately addressed. Thus, an enhanced understanding of the holistic conceptualization of syndrome X would bring about a much better approach to treatment approaches. A conventional approach is to treat only one of the disease states within the constellation of the disease states identified under syndrome X and focus either lifestyle based or allopathy based treatment on this particular approach. This makes the healthcare system ignore several other symptoms which might be aggravating elsewhere. As and when these symptoms grow noticeable these are again taken up with either of the above appr oaches for treatment. It is widely acknowledged that the usual approach is to focus on allopathic drugs with lifestyle contributions coming only in the form of supplementary

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime Dissertation

New Technologies and the Emergence of Cyber Crime - Dissertation Example Under the light of this crime, we will see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Evidence and Evaluation 8 Conclusion 14 References 18 Introduction Digital convergence and globalization in the rising knowledge society has increased the complex legal, ethical and societal issues. Now the society is facing difficult and complex questions related to the access to information, right to privacy, cultural diversity and intellectual property rights. For the gathering of information and knowledge, the instrument that is required by all human beings is ICT, and security in this regard should be guaranteed to them as their basic right. However, throughout the world, the rights of humans are violated one way or the other. Violation of these rights has created new problems in the human social system like cybercrime, digital divide, digital security and privacy concerns for all of them. Round the globe, all of this ha s affected the lives of the people directly or indirectly (Sembok, 2003). The computer-related crime such as fraud and forgery is increasing throughout the globe. Other than this, content related offenses like child pornography and violation of intellectual property rights are also emerging rapidly on the scene. Moreover, threats to the critical infrastructure and national interests are rising by using internet for criminal and terrorist activities (Cevidalli, 2010). In the countries where internet is widely used, the harm to businesses, governments, and individuals is gaining scope. However, in other countries, the cybercrime threats are rising on the applications of communication and information technology for healthcare, trade, banking and government services. As a result, the users have started losing the confidence in online transactions and business (Sembok, 2003). Globally, computer-based commerce and communications cut across the territorial boundaries, and create a new real m of human activities, undermining the legitimacy and feasibility of applying geographical boundary laws. The upcoming boundaries in the computer-based world are monitor screen, passwords, firewalls, intruder detection and virus busters. These have created new personalities, organizations, groups and other new forms of economic, social and political groupings in the virtual world of bits (Sembok, 2003). In this paper, we will discuss the types of cyber crimes and the upcoming frauds that are done by them. Under the light of this crime, we will see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. The paper discusses the effects of cyber crimes on the citizens, businesses, government, and the relevant interventions to deal with it. Literature Review Information technology is influencing life all over the world. The developments in the computer skills have made the transition possible in information storage, dissemination, and processing from atoms to bits. Because of t his the new standards of efficiency, speed, and accuracy in human activities is emerging.  

All Souls' Rising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

All Souls' Rising - Essay Example The decision of the French administration on the island was ratified by the French revolutionaries in 1794 and this decision quickly challenged the previously accepted norms of the master slave relationship. The entire Americas domain was shaken up as the emancipation on Saint-Domingue became public knowledge. One of the largest disturbances from the Saint-Domingue experiences was for the American South where the economy was predominantly based on slave manpower. However the revolution of slaves in Saint-Domingue holds more than meets the eye. The composition of whites, mulattos and blacks meant that society was already in a precarious balance that the revolution upset. As a reaction to the changes introduced by the revolution the various strata of society began taking steps to increase their influence. The pivotal role for the balance of power play lay with the mulattos in society who were obliged to corroborate with the blacks and the whites alike. The British and Spanish conquest only added to the panic and confusion in society. The invasion was dealt with by an uprising lead by an ex slave Toussaint who was supposedly prepared by the whites in order to decimate the blacks in the shorter run and the mulattos in the longer run. The overall objective of the whites was to restore the previous order. The novel penned by Madison Smart Bells All Souls’ Rising also portrays this precarious situation and the immense power plays that occurred. In order to understand the issue better it would be relevant to wade through the novel within historical context. The novel depicts the grand blancs (who are members of the white elite) as conceiving a slave rebellion in order to augment their political needs and desires. As the story progresses it becomes clear that the highly esteemed Bayon de Libertat who is the owner of the slave rebellion leader Toussaint is also part of the conspirators. The slave rebellion leader is shown as being handpicked by the white power eli te in order to serve their nefarious purposes. Here consideration must be provided to the political problems of the grand blancs as the French Revolution was at its zenith by 1791 however the King was still in place on the throne. On the other hand the petit blancs, the day laborers, white craftsmen and poor ne’er do wells had already taken up arms and adopted the red cockade of the revolution. These groups had by this point in time taken to rebellion in Saint Domingue and had managed to capture Port au Prince which was a direct threat to the power of the grand blancs. Given also that this was the most profitable island in the Atlantic, its loss was not acceptable for the grand blancs. The problem became all the more complicated as the Estates de General declared by decree in May 1791 that all free property owning mulattos in Saint Domingue would be given full citizenship. Consequently the red cockaded petit blancs became overwhelmingly outraged by this decision. In a similar manner the white cockaded grand blancs were also outraged at such a decision by the government. However the white cockaded grand blancs contend that they cannot win the war against the petit blancs and the free mulatto calls for full citizenship at the same time. In order to deal with these threats the stratagem of the slave rebellion was created. The plan of action suggests that when the slave rebellion occurs the petit blancs would be neutralized and will try to unite with the whites in order to quell the black slave

Enterprise Architecture (EA) Enables SDLC Processes Paper Research

Enterprise Architecture (EA) Enables SDLC Processes - Research Paper Example There have been several attempts to define EA in a more precise way but it is clear that finding a common definition that embodies all that EA stands for. According to quote (year) however, the harder this attempt is made, the more divergent opinions come up as to what EA really stands for. For the purpose of the current paper however, a definition that is used by The Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge (2013) is adopted, which explains that EA analyses areas of common activity that are found within an organization by exchanging information and other resources to guide future states. EA are also known to be very applicable from an integrated viewpoint in terms of strategy, business and technology (quote). From the definition given about EA, it would be understood that EA emphasizes on the exchange of information. Meanwhile, at the initiation, planning or concept of phase of SDLC, sponsors identify a need or opportunity that they seek to pursue (quote). By incorporating EA, these sponsors will be aided to exchange information with other stakeholders to confirm the viability of the needs or opportunities that they identify (quote). This means that EA helps sponsors not to make bad decisions as to whether they have to carry on the opportunities with other phases of the system development. In effect, EA can help in gathering useful information as to whether the system development should be started in the first place. The requirement analysis phase of any SDLC has been noted to be a resource focused phase as it ends with decisions on the requirements that will be needed in undertaking the whole system development (quote). By extension, a lot of the financial budgeting is done at the requirements analysis phase. With this noted, quote (year) indicated that EA can be used to support the requirements analysis phase by

Medical Testing on Animals Essay Example for Free

Medical Testing on Animals Essay Animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. Many of these experiments cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways. If it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer, then experimenting on animals produces serious moral problems. Animal experimenters are very aware of this ethical problem and acknowledge that experiments should be made as humane as possible. It is also known that it is wrong to use animals if alternative testing methods would produce equally valid results. Experimenting on animals is always unacceptable because it causes suffering to animals, and the benefits to human beings are not proven. The case against animal testing is that the level of suffering and the number of animals involved are both so high that the benefits to humanity do not provide moral justification. The equivalent case for animal experiments is that they will produce such great benefits for humanity that it is morally acceptable to harm a few animals. Animal experiments are not used to show that drugs are safe and effective in human beings, as they cannot do that. Instead, they are used to help decide whether a particular drug should be tested on people. Animal experiments eliminate some potential drugs as either ineffective or too dangerous to use on human beings. If a drug passes the animal test it is then tested on a small group of humans before larger trials are done. Animal experiments only benefit human beings if their results are valid and can be applied to human beings. Another problem with animal testing is that results can be misleading. Drugs that have negative effects on animals could potentially be highly beneficial to humans and vice versa. Those in favor of animal experiments say that the benefits to human beings outweigh the harm done to the animals being tested. This is a consequentialist argument, because it looks at the consequences of the actions under consideration. It cannot be used to defend all forms of experimentation since there are some forms of suffering that are probably impossible to justify even if the benefits are exceptionally valuable to humanity. The consequentialist justification of animal experiments is done by comparing the harm the experiment will do to animals to the harm done to humans by not doing the experiment. This is not a valid way to justify the argument because this is ultimately comparing two different things. The harm that will be done to he animals is certain to happen if the experiment is carried out. The harm done to human beings by not doing the experiment is unknown because no one knows how likely the experiment is to succeed or what benefits it might produce. It is morally worse to do harm by doing something than to do harm by not doing something. Looking at it that way, it is morally worse for experimenters to harm the animals by experimenting on them than it is to harm some human beings by not doing an experiment that might find a cure for their disease. The benefits to humans does not outweigh the pain and suffering that all of the animals endure while going through experiments. The issue of animal experiments is very clear if we accept that animals have rights. If an experiment violates the rights of an animal, then it is morally wrong because it is wrong to violate rights. The possible benefits to humanity by performing these experiments are completely irrelevant to the morality of the case, because rights should never be violated.

The crucial elements of gothic horror Essay Example for Free

The crucial elements of gothic horror Essay Gothic horror first started to appear in the early C19th. Gothic was applied later on by renaissance and enlightenment negatively to mean medieval critics because it was considered barbaric. As the centuries went past the term gothic was no longer the meaning of a negative connotation so it was used to refer an ancient past in a nostalgic way. At the end of the C18th the gothic movement had changed from enlightenment rationalism to horror, darkness and elements from the dark realm. The gothic movement is still but mostly horror. Common motifs used in gothic horror stories are murder, suicide, torture, madness, lycanthropy, ghosts, vampires, demons, poltergeists, demonic pacts, diabolic possession/ exorcism, witchcraft and voodoo. Im going to analyse Napoleon and the spectre, The goblins who stole a sexton and The signalman. Napoleon and the spectre is written by Charlotte Bronte, the goblins who stole a sexton and the signalman are both written by Charles Dickens. At the starting point of the Napoleon and the Spectre story Bronte already mentions that theres something or someone in Napoleons room; she writes: . in a few minutes the emperor felt his pillow becoming hard, and he got up to shake it. As he did so a slight rustling noise was heard near the bed-head. But it stops as Napoleon lies down. This indicates that a ghost is in the room and the mysterious noises also indicate that the presence of a ghost is possible. Ghosts and mysterious noises are crucial elements of gothic horror because theyre inhumane things so people are scared of them and mysterious noises are linked to ghosts, ghosts are one of the common motifs used in gothic horror. Napoleon responds to a deep groan from a closet in the corner of the apartment by crying Whos there? Speak or Ill blow your brains out. A short sharp laugh is the reply to this threat and a dead silence follows. Again this indicates that there is a ghostly presence and the dead silence is a crucial gothic element because this creates tension. When Napoleon opens the closet another rustling noise was heard but nothing was there, also indicates a ghostly presence. Bronte is describing ghostly effects. When the candlelight is obscured by a black opaque shadow another gothic element (darkness) is brought in. Darkness is another crucial gothic element because some of the common motifs used in gothic horror are associated with darkness such as vampires: they come out at night, witchcraft: witches wear black clothes etc.

Substitution reaction

Substitution reaction Introduction Substitution reaction of chemistry substitution reaction are also called displacement reactions .These are the reactions in which an atom or a group of atoms attached to a carbon atom in a molecule is replaced by some other atom or group of atoms without any change in the structure of the remaining part of the molecule. The product formed is known as the substitution product. The new atom or group which enters the molecule is called the substituent. Some example of substitution reactions are: CHâ‚„+clâ‚‚ → CHâ‚Æ'cl+Hcl Methane Methyl chloride Here H-atom of CHâ‚„ is replaced by chloride atom. CHâ‚Æ'-CHâ‚‚Br+KOH (aq) → CHâ‚Æ'CHâ‚‚OH+KBr Ethyl bromide Ethyl alcohol Here Br atom of ethyl bromide is replaced by OH group. CHâ‚Æ' -CHâ‚‚ = CHâ‚‚ → ClCHâ‚‚ -CH=CHâ‚‚ + Hcl Propene Allyl chloride Here H-atom of CHâ‚Æ' group is replaced by cl-atom Types of substitution reaction Depending upon the nature of attacking reagent, substitution reactions can be classified as below: a) Electrophilic Substitution Reactions : These are the reactions in which an atom or group in a molecule is replaced by an electrophile. Such reactions are shown by aromatic compound. CHâ‚…+HONO₂→ CHâ‚…NOâ‚‚+H â‚‚0 CHâ‚…+ NO₂→CHâ‚… NOâ‚‚+H â‚‚0 (H â‚‚s0 â‚„) Here Nitronium ion (NOâ‚‚ ions )acts as an electrophile and the process is called nitration. Mechanism. Consider the chlorination of benzene in presence of halogen carrier(Feclâ‚Æ') Feclâ‚Æ'+cl-cl → Fecl₄⠁ »+cl(chloronium ion) Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions: Electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds than arenes generally lead to electrophilic addition rather than substitution. B) Necleophilic Substitution Reactions:- These are the reaction sin which an atom or a group in a molecule is replaced by a nuclophile. Such reactions are shown by alkyl halides. Consider the action of aqueous KOH on methyl chloride. HO⠁ »+H -CHâ‚Æ' Cl→ Ho-cHâ‚Æ'OH+cl⠁ » A nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a molecule or ion capable of acting as a Lewis base (i.e., an electron pair donor). Nucleophiles can be described as electron-rich while their targets or substrates can be described as electron-deficient (they are Lewis acids, i.e., electron pair acceptors). In a nucleophilic substitution the nucleophile takes the place ofor substitutes forsome atom or group on the substrate (called the leaving group): Nu: + R:L → R:Nu+ + :L- nucleophile substrate product leaving group If the nucleophile is neutral (as shown above) the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it. If the nucleophile is an anion then the product will be neutral: Nu: + R:L → R:Nu + :L- Stronger bases make better nucleophiles (e.g., OH- is a better nucleophile than H2O). Good substrates include cations, central atoms with incomplete octets or double bonds (like sp2 carbons) or carbons with partial positive charges. Halogens are generally more electronegative than carbon and so organohalogen compounds are usually subject to nucleophilic attack at the carbon attached to the halogen (which would be the positive end of a dipole). For example, 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (commonly known as t-butyl chloride) will undergo nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide ion: (CH3)3CCl + OH → (CH3)3COH + Cl This is a typical synthetic route for producing an alcohol from an alkyl halide. Nucleophilic substitution reactions have been studied for many years. It was noticed fairly early that while the overall reaction was similar in the vast majority of cases the kinetics of the process was not always the same. In some substitutions the concentration of the nucleophile had no effect on the rate. In others, the rate was directly proportional to the concentration of the nucleophile. This suggested that two different mechanisms must be at work. The factor which determines the mechanism employed is typically the nature of the substrate itself and NOT the particular nucleophile. Necleophilic substitution reactions are further classified as:- 1)Necleophilic substitution Biomolecular :- Such reaction sare shown by primary alkyl halides and involve a single step. The breaking of C-X bond and the making of C-OH bond takes place simultaneously. The neucleophile approaches the C-atom from the side opposite to that carrying the halogen. In such reactions, an inverted product is formed. The reaction involves the formation of a transition state. The reaction follows the rate law, Rate=k[Alkyl halide][OH]. As the slow rate determining step involves two molecule(Alkyl halide and alkali); therefore, the reaction is known as bimolecular substitution reaction. Most necleophilic substitutions, which involve the expulsion of an originally neutral substituent ,notably of halogen, from the aromatic ring,at temperature which are not particularly high,use the biomolecular mechanism SN2. This is established by their second order kinetics, which are documented by many records, (NOâ‚‚)â‚‚CHâ‚Æ'†¢Cl+OEt⠁ »Ã¢â€ â€™(NOâ‚‚)â‚‚CHâ‚Æ'†¢OEt+Cl⠁ » In substitution of this type,the rate of attack by different reagent on the same aromatic molecules follow the general order of nucleophilic strength towards carbon. This is the conclusion to which Bunnatt and Zahler come after having assembled data from many sources. The first mechanism is known as SN1 (substitution, nucleophilic, unimolecular) because only one molecule is involved in the first stepthe rate determining step. Reactions occurring by this mechanism should exhibit first-order kinetics, i.e., the rate law should have the form rate = k[substrate]1. Because the nucleophile is not involved until after the slow step its concentration will have no effect on the rate. The alternate mechanism is called SN2 (substitution, nucleophilic, bimolecular) because two molecules are involved in the rate determining (and only) step. Such reactions exhibit overall second-order kinetics. The rate is proportional to both the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the nucleophile. Reactions like this will have a rate law in the form rate = k[substrate] [nucleophile] 2) Nucleophilic Substitution Unimolecular:- This mechanism is generally followed by tertiary alkyl halide. In the first step, tertiary alkyl halie breaks hydrolytically to form intermediate carbonium ion. The formation of carbonium ion is the slow rate determing step. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks tha carbonium ion to form an alcohol. Consider the action of aqueous KOH or tertiary Butyl bromide. CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' ____ C-Br ⇄ CHâ‚Æ' C +Br⠁ » (Slow Step) CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' ____ C + OH⠁ » ⇄ CHâ‚Æ' C +OH (Fast Step) CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' (carbonium ion) Tert. butyl alcohol Or The best established eample of nucleophilic aromatic substitution by the unimolecular mechanism ,SN1,is the uncatalysed decomposition of diazoium ions,in hydroxylic solvent,to give phenols or phhenolic ethers,accomplished often byaryl halides or others such substitution products, if the necessary necleophilic anions are present in the solution: ArNâ‚‚+ → Ar+Nâ‚‚ (Slow) Ar+Hâ‚‚o →Ar†¢ OH+H (fast) Ar+ROH→Ar†¢OR+H (Fast) Ar +cl ⠁ »Ã¢â€ â€™ Ar†¢ Cl (Fast) These are SN1 mechanism . The alternate mechanism is called SN2 (substitution, nucleophilic, bimolecular) because two molecules are involved in the rate determining (and only) step. Such reactions exhibit overall second-order kinetics. The rate is proportional to both the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the nucleophile. Reactions like this will have a rate law in the form rate = k[substrate] [nucleophile] 3) Free Radicals Subsitution Reactions[1.2.3] These are the reactions in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by a free radical. The replacement of H- atom by a halogen atom is an example of free radicals substitution.In the free radical substitution reaction, the attacking reagent is a free radicals. These reactions are carried either at high temperature or in the presence of ultra-violet light. In organic chemistry, a radical substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate The reaction always involves at least two steps, and possibly a third. In the first step called initiation (2,3) a free radical is created by photolysis. Homolysis can be brought about by heat or light but also by radical initiators such as organic peroxides or azo compounds. Light is used to create two free radicals from one diatomic species. The final step is called termination (6,7) in which the radical recombines with another radical species. If the reaction is not terminated, but instead the radical group(s) go on to react further, the steps where new radicals are formed and then react is collectively known as propagation (4,5) because a new radical is created available for secondary reactions. Mechanism. The mechanism of free radicals substitution involves three steps:- I) Initiation :- In this step, halogen molecule breaks homolyticallly to form free radicals. Consider the action of Brâ‚‚ on ethane in presence of sunlight. Br-Br Br II) Propagation step: The Br formed in the first step reacts with alkane molecule to form new free radicals which in turn reacts with bromine molecule and the chain react ion starts and so on. CHâ‚Æ'CHâ‚Æ'+Br →CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚+HBr CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚+Br -Br →CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚Br+Br 3) Termination.: In this step, the free radicals combine and the reaction stops. Br + Br → Brâ‚‚ Similarly, consider action of Clâ‚‚ on propene. I) cl cl→ 2Cl II) CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚Æ'+Cl→ CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚‚+HCl CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚‚+Cl-Cl→ CHâ‚‚=CH-CHâ‚‚Cl+Cl Substitution Reactions[1.2.3] Substitution Reactions. In an acid-base reaction such as CH3CO2H + NH3 → CH3CO2 + NH4+ the N acts as a nucleophile (Greek for â€Å"loving the nucleus), the H acts as an electrophile (â€Å"loves electrons†), and the O that accepts the pair of electrons acts as a leaving group. The acid-base reaction is the simplest model for a substitution reaction, which is a reaction in which a ÏÆ' bond between atom 1 and atom 2 is replaced by a ÏÆ' bond between atom 1 and atom 3. Substitution reactions are incredibly important in organic chemistry, and the most important of these involve substitutions at C. For example: This substitution reaction, discovered in 1849, involves the nucleophilic O making a new bond to the electrophilic C, and the bond between the electrophilic C and the leaving group I breaking. Any Brà ¸nsted base can also act as a nucleophile, and any nucleophile can also act as a Brà ¸nsted base, but some compounds are particularly good bases and particularly poor nucleophiles, whereas some are particularly poor bases and particularly good nucleophiles. Any Brà ¸nsted or Lewis acid can also act as an electrophile, but there are many electrophiles that are neither Brà ¸nsted nor Lewis acids (as in the example above). A haloalkane, e.g. CH3CH2Br, can in principle undergo either of two polar reactions when it encounters a lone pair nucleophile, e.g. MeO-. First, MeO- might replace Br- at the electrophilic C atom, forming a new C-O bond and giving an ether as the product. This is substitution, because the C-Br ÏÆ' bond is replaced with a C-O ÏÆ' bond. Second, MeO- might attack a H atom that is adjacent to the electrophilic C atom, giving MeOH, Br-, and an alkene as products. The electrons in the C-H bond move to form the Ï€ bond, and the electrons in the C-X bond leave with X-. This is elimination, because a new Ï€ bond is formed, and because the elements of the organic starting material are now divided between more tha n one product. Elimination requires that the substrate have a C-X bond and adjacent C-H bonds, while substitution requires only that the substrate have a C-X bond. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction The name in the title in given to those substitution in whichnucleophilic reagent, such as Br⠁ », combine with aromatic carbon and aprecltyuviously present substituent such as †¢Cl,†¢NOâ‚‚, becomes expelled along with its bonding electrons With considerable difficultly even †¢H may be expelled with its bonding electrons i.e at H⠁ ». Biomolecular substitution reaction electron attracting substituent especially one conjugated with aromatic system such as nitro,carbonyl,syano aids the attack of the reagent and a 2-or 4-situated hetero atom ,as n pyridine ,acts in a similar way. Neuclophilic aromatic substtion can proceed by several,mechanism. The Unimolecular and Biomolecular mechanism can definitely be recognized and other mechanism some of which are understood,can be seen to exist. The unimolecular mechanism is limited to the replacement of those substituents which are sufficiently loosely bound to undergo spontaneous heterlysis in solution. The biomolecular mechanism is muc more general, doubtless because it make much less severe demands on thequality of the explled group,so that a hydrogen shift involved.

The statesman :: essays research papers

Final Paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of written laws and their place in government is one of the key points of discussion in the Platonic dialog the Statesman. In this philosophical work, a dialog on the nature of the statesmanship is discussed in order to determine what it is that defines the true statesman from all of those who may lay claim to this title. This dialog employs different methods of dialectic as Plato begins to depart from the Socratic method of argumentation. In this dialog Socrates is replaced as the leader of the discussion by the stranger who engages the young Socrates in a discussion about the statesman. Among the different argumentative methods that are used by Plato in this dialog division and myth play a central role in the development of the arguments put forth by the stranger as he leads the young Socrates along the dialectic path toward the nature of the statesman. The statesman is compared to a shepherd or caretaker of the human â€Å"flock.† The conclus ion that comes from division says that the statesman is one who: Issues commands (with a science) of his own intellect over the human race. This is the first conclusion that the dialog arrives at via the method of division. The dialog, however, does not end here as the stranger suggests that their definition is still wanting of clarity because there are still some (physicians, farmers, merchants, etc†¦) who would lay claim to the title of shepherds of humanity. For this reason a new approach to the argument must be undertaken: â€Å"then we must begin by a new starting-point and travel by a different road† (Statesman 268 D.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new approach that is taken in their search for a definition of the statesman leads the stranger to use myth in order to show young Socrates what it is that the shepherd of the human flock does. It is in the development of this myth that it is shown why the statesman can be separated from many of those who would lay claim to his title. The myth that is used by Plato in this dialog revolves around the idea of the world as being a living creature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the myth that is introduced the existence of the world is divided into two epochs, the Age of Kronos and the Age of Zeus. As the myth goes the world is endowed with motion, but alone it cannot move eternally.

Atlantis Myth vs Today’s Science :: History

Atlantis Myth vs Today’s Science Now that we know the foundation of the Atlantis myth we can now speculate if this is even possible with today’s science and geography. Atlantis was said to be bigger than Asia Minor and Libya combined. This statement made by Plato in the Critias is most likely not true because Atlantis would have to be in the Mediterranean Sea or within a few miles of the Mediterranean Sea such as the Atlantic Ocean or Indian Ocean. The other thought could be that the size was gravely misjudged through the ages and maybe when it got to Plato the myth had outgrown the size of the city. A more logical explanation could be that Atlantis was smaller than once though and was present at the western part of the Mediterranean, between the coasts of West Africa and East South America or somewhere by the horn of Africa. Many are skeptic as to whether Atlantis existed solely because of the size but many researchers believe that the books Timeus and Critias are too detailed to be made up by Plato. Unfortunately the books of Plato’s thoughts and descriptions get cut off at the end of the second book hence ending the story of Atlantis quite abruptly. Some think that either the end of the story was lost during a burning of an attack on one of the Greek cities or that Plato’s patron for the project, Dionysius I, was going to publish the books as prose and poem and try to become famous. Unfortunately Dionysius died unexpectedly and Plato did not finish the story. Ever since the idea of Atlantis being a city explorers and scientists have looked for Atlantis. One idea is that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was caused by the sinking of Atlantis. But this is disproved because if Atlantis did sink in the Atlantic Ocean then it would not have created a ridge or ridge like area. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is caused by Divergent tectonic plates in the ocean which creates the ridge. The sinking of Atlantis could not have done this. Not only is this impossible but the descriptions given by Plato would also be off. The Mid-Atlantic ridge is a mountain like area going from north to south for a few thousands of miles; Plato described Atlantis a circular island that was maybe one hundred miles in diameter. Therefore this theory does not work.

The Recent Global Food Crisis and Obesity Epidemic Essay -- Health, A

It is evident that populations around the world are starkly staring at a food crisis that has picked momentum especially since 2008. This recent global food crisis has placed staple grains, the main sustenance for populations around the world, out of reach of the hundreds of millions of people in need of them. This has seen its effects being felt in both developed and developing countries (Magdoff, 2006: 1-7). This study will focus its attention on the explanation about this recent food crisis, how it reflects previous agri-food system tendencies and its relationship to diabetes, another food system problem. The thesis of this study is that the explanations behind the recent food crisis revolve around commercial (corporate-dependent) model of the global food system which makes food items vulnerable to market dynamics and hence out of reach for many individuals. This is relevant to the issue of food crisis since it attaches an economics perspective to the crisis which is especially s ignificant given the recent global economic meltdown. Theoretical Perspective A closer and detailed look at the recent food crisis reveals a number of patterns and insights that can be supported by theoretical perspectives to show that it is a consequence of the established food policy. First of all, the food crisis does not necessarily stem from low production since the advent of chemical and biological technology in food production makes the processes more optimized. Instead, it is due to shifting economic and political power throughout the stages of food production and distribution. Emphasis is being placed on food production and distribution in terms of where maximum profitability will be achieved. This can be seen in situations where bumper harv... ...cal perspectives given to the effect that a corporate-dependent system in the agri-food sector precipitated the global food crisis which is the thesis of this study. This demonstrated through empirical evidence indicating that production of grain is actually sufficient, but then gets diverted to other uses such as biofuel production and feeding animals to meet the rising consumption of meat. This places the blame squarely on the retailers who happen to be strong corporate entities resulting from capitalistic inclination. A strange phenomenon is observed where southern states in the USA are experiencing higher rates of obesity, which is still linked to corporatization of the food system. The limitations of this research center on the fact that it did not seek information from the corporate world which could perhaps give perspectives from the other side of the coin.

Child Obesity Problem Essay

Abstract.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Child obesity has been a serious issue in America. Approximately a 1/3 of children populations are overweight or risk becoming overweight. Children are eating unhealthy foods with minimal nutritional value and the physical education programs are being cut of the school day. Since these are the major causes of obesity they spell doom for America. The Bill no S. 100 also known as Healthy Students Act of 2007 was introduced by Barbara Boxer the California Senator who is also an advocate of children and families. (www.govtrack.us). It advocates for the health of children in schools by promoting better nutrition and increased physical activities. American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the American Heart Association (AHA) support it. Major causes of obesity are lack of physical exercise combined with poor diet. A balance must be struck so that calorie intake does not outdo calorie utilization. Children need to burn up calories through physical activities. They should not over rely on inactive leisure activities like watching television, surfing the net and playing video games Childhood obesity is associated to various health effects like hypertension, diabetes and respiratory diseases illnesses for instance diabetes and high blood pressure. It is therefore an important national bill that will help save the children of America. However, its implementation could be delayed due to the legislative process that could take time. Again the taxpayers who are expected to fund it might oppose it. The Healthy Students Act of 2007 Bill no S. 100 is a bill that encourages the healthy of children in schools by promoting better nutrition and increased physical activities. It is a national bill that was sponsored by Barbara boxer of CA on January 4th 2007. (www.govtrack.us)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bill requires the establishment of a pilot program providing grants to school districts or non-profit organizations for use in promoting healthy food alternatives under the school lunch and school breakfast programs. It amends the Public Health Service Act to establish a student loan forgiveness program for nurses who agree to employment as full-time nurses in elementary or secondary schools for 3 complete years. It also amends the Internal Revenue Code to allow corporations a tax deduction for the charitable contribution to a private foundation of exercise or gymnasium equipment for use by elementary and secondary school students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The proposed policy is a federal legislation to be enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives. The legislation is very realistic and can therefore be successfully implemented. The federal government is expected to sponsor it. Currently it has been referred to the committee of finance and is in the process of deliberation. The proposal affects all people as it focuses on schools, which are heterogeneous in terms of gender, color or race. Members of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the American Heart Association (AHA) who supported the Healthy School Act in New York State support the policy. The American Diabetes Association is the nation’s leading 501(c) 3 non-profit health organization that provides diabetes research, information and advocacy. The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency whose mission is to build healthier lives free from cardiovascular diseases and stroke. (www.americaheart.org) Barbara Boxer who introduced it supports it. She is the current senator of the state of California. She has been an advocate of children and family and it would suffice to say that she represents Californian as well as the children. The AHA and ADA represent the promotion of healthier lifestyles for children. They are concerned about the increased health risks associated with changing lifestyles for Americans and are focused to promote the good health of children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To support their positions the three parties have their arguments. Senator Boxer proposed the bill because children are eating unhealthy foods with minimal nutritional value and the physical education programs are being cut of the school day. AHA is concerned with promoting healthy lifestyles and lowering cholesterol levels through diet and physical exercise as well as preventing children from having cholesterol related health problems when they grow into adulthood. Americans should not be surprised by this policy. First, obesity in children is an issue that has attracted their concern and the dietary guidelines provided have been amended from section 9(a) of Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C 1758 a))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This proposal is likely to be opposed by the local taxpayers. To fund proposal taxes may be imposed on them reducing their disposable incomes. Being forced to pay higher taxes may see them oppose the bill. Costs would be incurred as the programs to grow own food in schools and hiring of more physical education teachers would be incorporated. Another challenge that the bill faces is the legislative process, which may delay. The committees may reject them for instance the senate finance may hinder its proceeding from one position to the next.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obesity among children has been increasing at alarming rates. People have adapted sedentary lifestyles and are not keen on the nutritional requirements of food. Convenience plays an important role in determining the food that one consumes. Approximately a 1/3 of children populations are overweight or risk becoming overweight. Childhood obesity is associated to various health effects like hypertension, diabetes and respiratory diseases. The major cause of obesity is lack of physical exercise combined with poor diet. (www.mayoclinic.com).   A balance must be struck so that calorie intake does not outdo calorie utilization. Although obesity in children affects people of all races, gender or color it has been observed that Africa American and Mexican American children are more likely to be overweight compared to non-Hispanic whites. It therefore suffices to say that people of color or the minority groups are more affected by obesity. Children of poor families are also more likely to be obese.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regular consumption of pre-packaged food, fast food, soft drinks can cause obesity as they have quantities of calories and sugars. Consumption of vegetables and legumes is beneficial as they can help check on weight and cardiovascular diseases. Children are a critical population that needs more nutrients than human beings for their growth and development. Improving on the diet and exercising levels can help protect children’s health both at the current levels and in future. (Www.mayoclinic.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physical exercises help burn out excess calories in the body. This helps reduce chances of acquiring illnesses for instance diabetes and high blood pressure. They also contribute to healthy bones and muscles. Children need to burn up calories through physical activities. (www.kidshealth.org).   They should not over rely on inactive leisure activities like watching television, surfing the net and playing video games. Families must play an important role in ensuring that their children stay healthy. Parents have a major role to play in influencing their children’s health. Parents are responsible for shopping and cooking in their homes and they determine the lifestyles to be adapted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They also set examples of the eating patterns as well as exercising patterns that to be adopted by their children. Parents should engage their children parents should engage their children in physical activities like swimming and jogging while at the same time ensuring that they provide healthy diets. Incorporating fruits and vegetables in their diets will be beneficial. Parents can also ensure that their children take food that is enough or that they eat with moderation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mayo Clinic website section on childhood explains the signs, causes and problems that are associated with childhood obesity. It also provides ways by which families can control and prevent obesity in children. (www.mayoclinic.com). Another important website that addresses the costs and consequences that obese children face as well as their potential future with obesity and the weight related health care issue is the Junk Food Science. The Kids Health website provides important in-depth information to parents on how they should maintain their children’s health. It addresses the issues related to childhood obesity and its effects. Obesity in America organization website addresses the obesity issues. It focuses more on medical reasons for obesity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Obesity in children increases their healthcare expenditure compared to non-obese children. Obese children are more likely to have laboratory-screening tests as medical staff belief that they are at greater risks. Their blood pressure levels or lab values for cholesterol are higher than for normal healthy children translating to the increased costs. They are screened for blood pressure, sleep apnea and orthopedic abnormalities. (Junkfoodscience.blogspot.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advocacy groups that can be useful in combating obesity in the US include the Endocrine society and The Hormone foundation. The Endocrine society is the world’s largest and most active professional organization of endocrinologists in the world and it is dedicated to promoting excellence in research, education and clinical advancements in the endocrinology field. The hormone foundation is an affiliate of the endocrine society and its very important in disseminating information. It has established programs on childhood or pediatric obesity. It works hand in hand with the Congress and Federal agencies that impact policies dealing with obesity. (www.obesityinamerica.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents should be create time to prepare nutritious foods for their children. They should not opt for the quick fix that can harm their children’s health. Obese children can have problems with their self esteem as they can be teased or bullied by their classmates. Obesity in children causes psychological problems to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overweight children can have bone and joint problems. They increase their chances of developing asthma and they can experience shortness of breath making physical activities more difficult. They have restless or disordered sleep patterns that can affect their development. Tendency to mature earlier is also reported in overweight children and overweight girls tend to have irregular menstrual cycles and fertility problems in their later days. A stitch in time saves nine and adverse overweight effects can be counted if appropriate measures are taken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schools have contributed to the increased numbers of obese and overweight children in America. Lesser time is allocated to physical education programs and some schools have cut it altogether. Sedentary lifestyles in children have consequently aggravated. Although genetics may contribute to obesity in children, the impact may be reduced if physical exercises and strict dietary measures are followed. It could be difficult to establish if an obese child born of obese parents is obese due to the genetic factor or due to the family lifestyles. (Www.kidshealth.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents should set good examples by adhering to appropriate diets as well as participating in exercises. They should not reward good behavior with sweets as they have high sugar levels. Educating the children about the importance of healthy diets is necessary. Children could rebel if ultimate elimination of sweets, snacks or candies is done. They could find ways to access such foods in absence of their parents. Again imposing a specific physical activity on them should be avoided and a variety should be included.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The media plays an important role in favoring ‘unhealthy food’. children who see people favoring foods in fast foods or in cartoon shows have the mentality that such food is appropriate. They urge their parent’s to offer them such foods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children should eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains. They also ought to get 30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercises each day depending on their age. (www.kidshealth.org). Grains provide energy needs for the child and includes whole meal bread, cereals and pasta. They give children energy to play and carry out important activities. Vegetables provide minerals and vitamins needed for good health. They also provide fiber that is important in aiding digestion. Milk is important as it provides vitamin A, D, calcium and proteins. Fats should be used sparingly on children. (Www.kidshealth.org)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the bill might never make it out of the committee or could be revised and incorporated in an already existing bill, I think this is a very applicable policy that can help save American children the consequences of obesity. Disseminating proper information to people through the media can work to curb child obesity. People should also take their own initiative to fight child obesity. References: Mayo Clinic staff. 2007. Childhood obesity. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from   http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/childhood-obesity/DS00698 Sandy Szwarc. 2007. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from   http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2007/01/fat-children-burdens.html Endocrine Society and The Hormone Foundation. 2008.Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http://www.obesityinamerica.org/aboutus.html The Nemours Foundation. 2008. Kids Health. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/ GovTrack.US. 2008. S. 100: Healthy Students Act of 2007. Retrieved on 23rd February 2008 from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-100

How to Become a Effective Teacher Essay

In general, reproduction is a bound often delectationd to refer to chunk culture, which covers a range of experiences, from orb encyclopaedism to the building of assureing and acquainted(predicate)ity finished day-to-day experiences. In fact, individuals receive allday familiarity from a variety of sources, such as family members, peers, books and mass media. All of them necessitate exerted a strong influence on informal education of the individual. On the former(a)wise hand, through come to the fore the processes of program line and erudition, education fag in addition refer to a big variety of theater such as computer science, chemistry, health science, society and linguistics, etc.Undoubtedly, in almost every(prenominal) societies, be school and receiving an education is extremely zippy and necessary if one wants to achieve triumph or stock-still want to admit an entrance ticket to a better social ranking however, common wizard is any(prenominal) times hard to learn from the books straighta counsellingone throw out command a leak all the book acquaintance in authoritative professional field, but formal education wont get down out him or her remote if a individual befoolt go to bed how to f ar with his or her co- escape aters, superiors, and or even family members. In my tastes, education should be comprised by formal and informal studies, and should be carried out in the process through out ones lifetime. much importantly, education dissolve non be succeeded without motivation.A spicy-quality education is really congenital for an individuals success in todays society. Without a good quality education how would the next generation be qualified to compete for jobs? Todays new technologies atomic number 18 meet much and more than intricate to run. bread and butter is not easy if you dont contrive the experience as everyone else dose. Most likely, you leave alone not be as successful as the one with t he graduate(prenominal)er education. According to sightly Neff, my high school English initiateer, beledge is the key to success As for me, I know that the knowledge I infered leave behind be a great woodpecker to implement later in the future. Comprehending something new, will let me visualize and expand the knowledge that I already swallow to a greater extent. in that location was a preaching in one of my class closing year, one of my teachers was telling me nigh wherefore there were so many educatees failing, and falling behind on the required subjects. Teachers argon confronted with the problem of keeping up with the quick pace at which kids atomic number 18 evaluate to learn today. That one particular reciprocation do me wondered what it is like to be rack up a teacher?And what approach does to a teacher behave to take to brace to scholars, to come up with ideas to uphold their educatee to block on the discipline track? With a strong effort by teacher s even the most limited student nominate have a higher education. Now, that Im give lessonsing in an simple- sagacityed, kindergarten to be exact.Ive been helping Mrs. Le with her students for nearly two months. In her classroom, I was middling amazed by the way how her students were so e growr and enthusiastic while learning something new. Ive realized that once you pull kill the difficult argufy of providing the student needs, its a breather to know that, youve done your job. Now, your student recovers like he disregard live up to any goals he or she sets for. In my opinion, I think that this is why teachers deal their job because theyre passing d birth the knowledge that he or she had collected and atomic number 18 make a divagation in their students life. It takes a lot of hard live to become a good teacher. proper teachers must not and know their subject matter extremely well up but as well be comminuted to their students feelings to ensure that everyone in the class feels that they can be successful. (Calhoun 11). A successful teacher starts with the proper credentials. The road to become a competent and certificated teacher is two challenging and rewarding. (Shockley and Cutlip 21). In order, for you to become a teacher you have to decide upon a major and a minor pedagogics field. Your major is the ara of the studies in which you will become most expert on. It requires more courses, more time, more make for, and more tutelage but it will pay arrive at to a great extent in the future. (Shockley, and Cutlip 43). You need to farm a survival on the grade level or subject argona for your major. You can all choose to teach in an elementary school, secondary school, or college.During the yen time of college you have to take see requirements such as general education, fine arts, humanities, history, science, mathematics, and social science. A typical college, which operates on a semester basis, requires 123 total credits hours f or a bachelors degree. (Shockley, and Cutlip 22). In addition, prognosis teachers organization gainsay during the early years of teaching. Getting accustomed to the hard work required in the classroom and responsibilities snarled in teaching can be extremely tough for new teachers. (Calhoun 8). There argon specific traits and qualities that can be useful to help and suck what the students are going through. You must have persistence, creativity, preparation, and discipline.Last, to get an insight view of cosmosness a tutor I had an interview with Gabriel Melano, a Communication studies tutor in capital of California City College and readying tutor at the Sacramento Unified District. Whether, you deiced to teach in an elementary school, high school or in college well(p) have in mind that you need to have patience and creativity with all of your students. When you are arduous to help someone learn, having patience is an essential necessity (Calhoun 14). These students are u ndergoing vast developmental changes that require a lot of heed and sensitivity. (Calhoun 22). At the early childhood level, teaching these newfangledsters is less focused on curriculum and content and more on incite the children to learn and influencing their self esteem.The teacher must establish an environment conducive to learning on which developing mind can grow and expand. (Calhoun 20). Teaching in high school filled with teenagers is a patch various than teaching younger kids. not just the age different, but also they way these teens think of themselves. You must understand that, during this stage of development, teens are seek their own personal style and identity. (Calhoun 24). A higher(prenominal) school teacher must be up to(p) to inspire and motivate so that the learning will continue to take place despite all of the other argufys that the students are facing. (Calhoun 25). Having a keen understanding of this age group and being familiar to how students develop affects his or her learning style. round student exponent be fearful to speak up to ask for help. By having patience is a way to gain the insight thought of your students need of learning. every(prenominal) child learns differently so dont ever come to a conclusion. Youngster absorbs information and develops skills at his or her pace. (Keogh 3). Youngster might be alienated with the way how you are seek to teach a specific subject. By being creative and trying to figure out tiny ways to help your students to incubate show that youre willing to do what it takes for him or her to learn. The activities are much more teacher-directed as in the rest of the school program, and pencil-and- root tasks are required for sustained intent of time. (Calhoun 57).Letters make outs, letter recognition, colors, shapes, sizes, games, and other relationships are expected of kindergarten students. (Calhoun 57). If a student is a visual learner teacher can use flash cards with pictures to get t hrough a point of what they are trying to get them to know. Teachers can make teaching fundamental for students. Teachers can use different ideas of how to approach something they are trying to teach and vex many different ways to help students learn. Students know the name of the subject, and they can use their imagination to march the material in the way that student can understand. (Calhoun 14). By having, creativity is what makes the classroom come alive, and it is what helps student learn and apprize learning. (Calhoun 15).Teachers who are models of organization and preplanning not only help their students learn but also show them how to be organized themselves. (Calhoun 16). When a teacher shows that he or she know what is important, then the student will be more responsible in doing their work. design a good lesson plan help put with time consuming because you already got everything all set. As students grew older you might have to be more discipline. This age of groups i s extremely active, and the learning environment must be challenging for them. (Calhoun 22 and 23). If a student tends to get bored, they can find their own avenues for relieving themselves from boredom. They usually, take the form of some kind of classroom disruption.When this happens, you have to find a way to prevent this from incident again. For younger kids, all it takes for them to stop compete or goofing around is when you tell them that you plan on calling his or her parents and have a little talk with them with the way how he or she is behaving inappropriate. So, once a young kid hears that treat nearly calling her or his parents the kid usually start to pay attention again. When it comes to high school teenager it doesnt work that way. In ways, high school teenagers need more discipline to control their behavior. This is the age where they feel to overwhelm with everything. Having a good communication with the teenager can help you understand why they tend to act up i n the classroom.On my interview with Gabriel Melano I had asked him a few questions about being a mentor. The first question that I had asked him was, what inspired you to become a tutor? He responded, During elementary school I started helping other students out and it made me felt good inside about myself. Knowing that you make a difference on someone elses life and their gratitude just makes me feel like I have a good purpose in life.The next question that I had asked him was, What has been his biggest challenge so far? He responded, My biggest challenge as a tutor has been need children who many have given up on. There are students who set their mind and wont even try to learn. It makes me woeful to see someone so young being pessimistic. The next question that I had asked was, Do you feel like you have accomplished anything so far? Gabriel, I am happy to say that every time when a student succeeds I succeed. I also learn a great deal from every student to work with. Last, que stion that I had asked Mr. Gabriel, Do you have any type of skills to make teaching easier?His answer Patience with kids.Teachers are the people who are able to experience out the best in others. These are the people that can be able to combines two important types of learning and making the best out of it. When students feel ruined and under-appreciated, they can lose their desire to work hard and can begin to believed that they are less talented or quotable than their classmates. (Calhoun 11).Teachers who possess quality by having patience, creativity, and discipline often receive visits and letter of gratitude from their students long after they have graduated. Teachers should be more appreciated from all those hard work that they put us through. Our teachers wanted us the students to feel more prepare as we go on with the next challenge ahead of us. They were leading our hand to face the Reality of this world called life. Thank you so much for all the things that youve done f or us to be where we are at right now.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Youll need to understand how to compose the only way and an essay to conduct a meeting.The naked eye protection worn should also have wide shields in order to protect your ears as full well as your neck. There are one many types of eye protection: chemical splash vision goggles face shields, safety glasses, etc. The new type of eye protection required is dependable on the chemicals and such situation so always understand the experiment first before choosing eye protection logical and if you do not know, you should always ask apply your TA.Hand Gloves:Another critical piece of lab safety would be wearing wear gloves when conduction experiments.Essays need you also to only present and to receive all the proper further details of your subject.Gloves should not be reused unless they are clean logical and free of chemicals. Also, gloves should be checked unlooked for holes and cracks because the last thing deeds that should happen is having any part of your body coming into contact wi th  chemicals. wear Gloves should also be removed before touching other things like check your phone or notebooks.Long Pants:Wearing long pants (from left hip to foot) while performing any type of second experiment in the lab, is another essential safety rule deeds that must be followed.

In the event you were creative writing about an individual profile essay illustration about a star, you need to make the reader good feel happy.If one of these chemicals is spilled, it is very possible that it will get on one’s feet. Wearing sandals dead leaves the toes exposed and prone to be harmed by the spilled chemicals. Also, most of the utensils used in a lab how are made of glass. Where there is glass, there is a third possibility that it might break.The first thing is to choose a subject that has more than just one side.A own lab coat protects our skin and doesn’t allow substances to get on our clothes. There is also a greater risk that our clothes might catch on fire. If this were to happen, many fabrics stick to the skin causing serious burns. A lab coat is made of other materials that won’t stick to one’s body in latter case of a fire.

Choose resources based on the topic you desire to write about.Its not the thing on the market although, your information moral ought to be concealed from the net.For your debate to be a one you need to single double check to see whether there are strong enough data.There may be a sense of wakefulness.

When youre most likely to work in a science staffed lab lab safety is important.Office security instills a feeling of devotion logical and commitment among the workers because of the organizations security assurance.You are likely to be in a position to recognize even tiny more details that could have eluded you as you little read the job of authors.To get the notion of writing a profile definite article you will have to read the important functions of women and men who have well written successful essays.

Gendering Biology and Sociology Essay

goat we stipulate grammatical versed practice deuce biologically and sociologically? That psyche is at the read/write head of the invet durationte deliberate amidst ethnic and scientific researchers. The retail store stems from a primaeval deviance in how to apologise sex definitions in an era of smooth identities and exposit conceptions of the body. This shortened try volition abridgment the room this hand has interpreted in an try out to foregather where it volition hire us in the future. Biologists and sociologists search the knowledge base in varied ways.Biologists scat to entrust that the infixed introduction should prep ar the primer coat of our reason astir(predicate) conduct while sociologists call back that refinement is the primordial campaign draw off that creates our bodied knowledge. In this way, a scuttle has been created surrounded by two competing theories to the highest degree what and how grammatical gender should be defined. For example, sociologists critique the biological keister of gender because they ponder that heathenish practices forge what fictitious character of biology to undertake. corporeal appearance, chromosomal sequencing, individualised psychology, friendly norms, and some(prenominal) opposite factors argon at civilize when we lead questions that return sexual remainder and write in code the domain of gender personal identity definitions. In the solid ground of sports, we fuck off seen how out-of-date scientific gender scrutiny has turn up to be unrelicapable in ascertain what counts as a manly or womanish. As lead of the internationalist majestic perpetration medical checkup commitment Arne Ljungqvist notes, whatevertimes, fingers are pointed at especial(a) female athletes, and in mold to defend them, we cod to be able to investigate it and clarify. (Thomas). In tell apart to address this outturn gap, sociologists and biologists le arn a cat valium actors line and framework if we rely to get hold to a deeper judgement of gender and how it exit limit our lives. work Cited Thomas, Katie. (2008). A science lab Is format to tribulation the sexual practice of Some Olympic Athletes. July 30, 2008. The new-fangled York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2009 from http//www. nytimes. com/2008/07/30/sports/olympics/30gender. hypertext mark-up language

Role of Women in Ancient Egypt

dissertation Wo hands in ancient Egypt had mankindy amounts of roles during ancient History. What was the economic consumption of a adult female in old-fashioned Egypt? I. sub judice in force(p)s of an Egyptian char A. meet with men 1. set to possess billet and ostracise of it 2. practic onlyy added threats and curses against volume who essay to mess up their rights B. split 1. A letter describing how a man announce his invention to dissever his married woman. 2. Women kept their witness blank space C. lieu 1. Sell, spoil Own. 2. come out it to whomever she wanted. D.Legal sets in return accost 1. Right to mold lawsuits against anyone 2. win ratified cases without gender-bias II. Jobs A. female person Rulers 1. Ahhotep a. wife of Segnenre-Taa and catch of Kamose and Ahmose b. Presented with the redact of bravery and venerated as the spawn of the heroes 2. Ahmose-Nefertari a. sis and wife of might Ahmose the early b. Presented with garter dei ties of the villages 3. pouffe Tiye a. wife of Amenhotep the third base and fix of Akhenaten b. Became regal married woman advance by the exponent . Nefertiti a. wife of Akhenaten b. support her hubby and all his reforms, gave him 6 daughters 5. Nefertari a. married woman of Ramesses the guerilla b. Had the roughly bewitching tomb in the vale of the promote B. enslavement 1. employ themselves 2. Served for royal line C. medicine III. persona of Women A. small fry caveat B. ranking(prenominal) Women in beef if base shop C. Servants IV. conjugal union A. Right to find formalised man and wife B. bonny gravid gained prise C. showtime trading was to be a legal wife and cause

Urban design starts with social design. Critically evaluate this Essay

urban goal stupefys with complaisant send off. critic eithery estimate this mastery in the mise en scene of gear up- fashioning - taste role model affable jut involves the room decorator sexual climax up with productive inventions maculation tutelage his or her indebtedness in the order in mind. The interior decorator uses the human body to use up nigh the indispensable accessible change.From the definitions, it is unmixed that on that point be a affinity among urban intent, affable design and abodemaking. In all in all of them, the source has the thickenings preferences at core conniving to get a line that the wants of their lymph nodes ar fulfilled. In place making, the cherish and merriment of the client is the motivating fuck its design. In urban design, the principal(prenominal) need involves changing the decide of villages, cities and towns concord to the judicial admission of clients in those surface areas. In cordial design , the intriguer is touch in enhancing their affectionate responsibility. disrespect this relationship, brotherly design is non the setoff to cope when doing urban design and placemaking. The indicate is that it is demanding for inhabitants in a trustworthy area to harbor the uniform maven of place (Lucas 2012). mortal clients for the contrary designs go across quaternate and lost areas with unworthy relationships among them. at that place exists a variety in the midst of tender policy, expectations of the right is and real-place making capacity. on that point is an increase accent lively amidst planners and architects concerned with placemaking and an learn fire to urban designs, though they all realize a slight affablely establish agenda. condescension that, they sleek over befuddle a dread(a) process on constitution what base be strengthened by dint of the enforcement of the practiced requirements and standards. urban designs does not ado pt with complaisant design, it could start with need and preferences of the client, which is much pregnant than accessible design. In set-back the neighborly restore possible action for these social designers, they incur to nurse their specialised intentions. The close is that designs and